Herniated disc (disc herniation)

Herniated disc (disc herniation) is a pathological condition in which part of the intervertebral disc protrudes beyond its normal boundaries, usually due to a tear in the annulus fibrosus. It can compress nerve roots, leading to pain, numbness, or muscle weakness. It most commonly occurs in the lumbar and cervical regions of the spine. Treatment can be conservative or surgical, depending on the severity of symptoms.